45. A patient has developed hepatic encephalopathy secondary to cirrhosis and he is receiving care at the medical ward.The patient is currently taking lactulose four times daily . What is the mechanism of action of this drug? A. Prevents the complication of varices bleeding B. Prevent of potassium loss through urine C. Reduce ascites by excreting a fluid D. Reduce serum ammonia levels 46. A nurse is caring for a patient with hepatic encephalopathy .During the assessment , the nurse notes that the patient has a flapping tremor of the hands.The nurse should document the presence of what signs of liver disease. A. Asterixis C. Fetor hepaticus B. Spider angioma D. Palmar erythema 9 47. A patient with CKD has a low erythropoietir (EPO) level.The patient is at risk for? A . Hypercalcemia C. Blood clots B. Anemia D . Hyperkalemia 48. A patient with Stage 5 CKD is experiencing extreme pruritus and has several areas of crystallized white deposits on the skin. As the nurse, you know this is due to excessive amounts of what substance found in the blood? A. Calcium B. Urea C. Phosphate D Erythropoietin 49. A patient with stage 4 chronic kidney disease asks what type of diet they should I follow.Which one is an appropriate response? A. Low protein low sodium.low potassium , low phosphate diet B. High protein low sodium low potassium,high phosphate diet C. Low protein,high sodium , high potassium , high phosphate diet D. Low protein.low sodium low potassium , high phosphate diet 50. A 60-year -old male patient is admitted with a massive GI bleed.The patient is at risk for what type of acute kidney injury? A. Post-renal B. Intra-renal C. Pre-renal D. Intrinsic renal 51. A patient with acute kidney injury has 24-hour urinary output of 300 ml Based on this finding,what stage of acute renal failure is this patient in? A. Initiation B. Diuresis C. Oliguric D. Recovery

Question

45. A patient has developed hepatic encephalopathy secondary to cirrhosis and he is receiving care at the medical ward.The patient is currently taking lactulose four times daily . What is the mechanism of action of this drug? A. Prevents the complication of varices bleeding B. Prevent of potassium loss through urine C. Reduce ascites by excreting a fluid D. Reduce serum ammonia levels 46. A nurse is caring for a patient with hepatic encephalopathy .During the assessment , the nurse notes that the patient has a flapping tremor of the hands.The nurse should document the presence of what signs of liver disease. A. Asterixis C. Fetor hepaticus B. Spider angioma D. Palmar erythema 9 47. A patient with CKD has a low erythropoietir (EPO) level.The patient is at risk for? A . Hypercalcemia C. Blood clots B. Anemia D . Hyperkalemia 48. A patient with Stage 5 CKD is experiencing extreme pruritus and has several areas of crystallized white deposits on the skin. As the nurse, you know this is due to excessive amounts of what substance found in the blood? A. Calcium B. Urea C. Phosphate D Erythropoietin 49. A patient with stage 4 chronic kidney disease asks what type of diet they should I follow.Which one is an appropriate response? A. Low protein low sodium.low potassium , low phosphate diet B. High protein low sodium low potassium,high phosphate diet C. Low protein,high sodium , high potassium , high phosphate diet D. Low protein.low sodium low potassium , high phosphate diet 50. A 60-year -old male patient is admitted with a massive GI bleed.The patient is at risk for what type of acute kidney injury? A. Post-renal B. Intra-renal C. Pre-renal D. Intrinsic renal 51. A patient with acute kidney injury has 24-hour urinary output of 300 ml Based on this finding,what stage of acute renal failure is this patient in? A. Initiation B. Diuresis C. Oliguric D. Recovery

Answer 1

45. D. Reduce serum ammonia levelsLactulose is a synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. It works by reducing the absorption of ammonia from the gut, thereby lowering serum ammonia levels and improving symptoms.46. A. AsterixisAsterixis, also known as "flapping tremor," is a sign of liver disease characterized by involuntary flapping movements of the hands when the wrists are extended.47. B. AnemiaLow erythropoietin (EPO) levels in a patient with CKD indicate a decreased production of EPO, which can lead to anemia due to reduced stimulation of red blood cell production.48. B. UreaThe crystallized white deposits on the skin in a patient with Stage 5 CKD are due to excessive amounts of urea in the blood, a condition known as uremic frost.49. A. Low protein low sodium low potassium low phosphate dietA patient with stage 4 chronic kidney disease should follow a diet low in protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphate to help manage their condition and prevent further kidney damage.50. C. Pre-renalA massive GI bleed can lead to hypovolemia and decreased blood flow to the kidneys, resulting in pre-renal acute kidney injury.51. C. OliguricA 24-hour urinary output of 300 ml indicates oliguria, which is a sign of the oliguric stage of acute renal failure.

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