Question
24. Uutline six (6)characteristics of the normal distribution (6 marks) 25. State four (4)factors that determine the fertility-fecundity gap in a population (4 marks) 26. In a study examining the association between colon cancer and high fat diet, 60 participants had colon cancer while 600 did not have colon cancer.Among those with colon cancer, 50 had a history of taking high fat diet while 200 of those with no colon cancer had history of taking high fat diet. Calculate odds ratio and make a conclusion about the association between colon cancer and high fat intake. (5 Marks) 27. Describe the different types of epidemics (7 marks) 28. Explain four (4)analytical epidemiologic study designs (8 marks) 29. Describe the determinates of disease occurrence according to epidemiologic triad in relation to the principles of communicable disease control. (15 marks)
Solution
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Julia Maria
Elite · Tutor por 8 anos
Resposta
24. The six characteristics of the normal distribution are: a. Symmetry: The normal distribution is symmetric around the mean, with the left and right sides being mirror images of each other. b. Mean, median, and mode are equal: In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are all equal and located at the center of the distribution. c. Bell-shaped curve: The normal distribution has a bell-shaped curve, with the highest frequency occurring at the mean and tapering off as you move away from the mean. d. Empirical rule: Approximately 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% falls within two standard deviations, and 99.7% falls within three standard deviations. e. Asymptotic: The normal distribution has asymptotic tails, meaning that the curve approaches but never actually reaches the horizontal axis. f. Continuous: The normal distribution is continuous, meaning that it can take on any value within a given range.25. The four factors that determine the fertility-fecundity gap in a population are: a. Access to contraception: The availability and accessibility of contraception can influence the fertility-fecundity gap. b. Socioeconomic status: Factors such as income, education, and occupation can impact fertility and fecundity rates. c. Cultural and religious beliefs: Cultural and religious beliefs can influence reproductive choices and practices. d. Government policies and programs: Policies and programs related to family planning and reproductive health can affect the fertility-fecundity gap.26. To calculate the odds ratio, we can use the following formula: Odds Ratio = (a/c) / (b/d) Where: a = number of participants with colon cancer and history of taking high fat diet b = number of participants without colon cancer and history of taking high fat diet c = number of participants with colon cancer and no history of taking high fat diet d = number of participants without colon cancer and no history of taking high fat diet Plugging in the values: Odds Ratio = (50/60) / (200/600) Odds Ratio = 0.83 The odds ratio of 0.83 suggests that there is a slightly lower odds of having colon cancer among those with a history of taking high fat diet compared to those without a history of taking high fat diet. This indicates that there is no strong association between colon cancer and high fat intake.27. The different types of epidemics are: a. Common source epidemic: This occurs when a group of people are exposed to the same source of infection, such as contaminated food or water. b. Propagated epidemic: This occurs when an infectious agent is transmitted from person to person, such as through direct contact or airborne transmission. c. Mixed epidemic: This occurs when both common source and propagated transmission occur, such as when an outbreak starts with a common source and then spreads through person-to-person transmission. d. Point epidemic: This occurs when a single exposure event leads to a sudden increase in cases, such as a foodborne illness outbreak after a specific meal. e. Endemic: This refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or condition in a population or geographic area. f. Hyperendemic: This refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence in a population or geographic area. g. Pandemic: This refers to an epidemic that has spread across multiple countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.28. The four analytical epidemiologic study designs are: a. Cohort study: This involves following a group of people over time to observe the development of a particular outcome or disease. b. Case-control study: This involves comparing individuals with a particular outcome or disease (cases) to those without the outcome or disease (controls) to identify potential risk factors. c. Cross-sectional study: This involves examining the prevalence of a particular outcome or disease at a single point in time. d. Case-crossover study: This involves comparing the risk of an outcome or disease occurring in individuals who experienced a specific event (cases) to the risk of the outcome or disease occurring in the same individuals when they did not experience the event (crossovers).29. The determinants of disease occurrence according to the epidemiologic triad are: a. Agent: The infectious agent or pathogen that causes the disease. b. Host: The individual or organism that harbors the disease. c. Environment: The external factors that influence the transmission and occurrence of the disease. In relation to the principles of communicable disease control, these determinants can be targeted through various strategies, such as: a. Interrupting the transmission of the agent, such as through isolation or quarantine. b. Enhancing the host's resistance to the agent, such as through vaccination or treatment. c. Altering the environment to reduce the risk of transmission, such as through vector control or improving sanitation.