Question
1. (a) Name two stages of evolution of the built environment. (2 marks) (b)Outline the following design factors in the built environment: (i) types of of soils; (ii)topography.
Solution
4.2
(256 Votos)
Vanessa
Mestre · Tutor por 5 anos
Resposta
(a) Two stages of evolution of the built environment are:1. **Pre-Industrial Stage**: This stage includes the development of early human settlements and the construction of basic structures such as shelters, huts, and simple buildings. During this period, the focus was on providing basic protection and shelter from the elements.2. **Industrial and Modern Stage**: This stage began with the Industrial Revolution and includes the development of advanced infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and urban areas. This stage is characterized by the use of advanced construction materials and technologies, leading to more complex and sophisticated built environments.(b) Design factors in the built environment:(i) **Types of Soils**: Soil type is a crucial factor in construction and landscape design. Different types of soils have varying properties that affect foundation stability, drainage, and the overall structural integrity of buildings and other structures. Common soil types include:- **Clay Soil**: Characterized by its plasticity when wet and hardness when dry. It has poor drainage and may cause issues with building foundations.- **Sandy Soil**: Granular and well-drained. It is less stable for building foundations but is often used in landscaping for drainage purposes.- **Loamy Soil**: A balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay. It is fertile and has good drainage, making it suitable for both construction and gardening.- **Silty Soil**: Fine-grained and similar to clay but with better drainage. It can be problematic for construction due to its potential to expand and contract.- **Rocky Soil**: Contains a high proportion of rock fragments and has good drainage. It is challenging for construction but is often used in landscaping for aesthetic purposes.(ii) **Topography**: Topography refers to the natural features of the land, including its elevation, slope, and surface characteristics. It significantly influences the design and construction of the built environment. Key aspects of topography include:- **Elevation**: The height of the land above sea level. Elevation affects climate, drainage, and the overall feasibility of construction projects. Higher elevations may require specialized techniques and materials to ensure stability and durability.- **Slope**: The steepness or incline of the land. Slopes can affect drainage, erosion, and the stability of foundations. Steep slopes may require retaining walls or other structural measures to prevent erosion and ensure safety.- **Surface Characteristics**: The natural features of the land surface, such as vegetation, water bodies, and natural formations. These characteristics can influence the design of buildings, roads, and other infrastructure. For example, areas with steep slopes may require careful planning to avoid landslides and ensure stability.Understanding these design factors is crucial for creating functional, safe, and aesthetically pleasing built environments that are in harmony with the natural landscape.