4. Explain the management of any three (3) minor complications of the ouernerium arks] 1. Differentiate between labour and normal labour. 2. State systematically the Mechanisms of 2^nd stage of labour. [ 4 Marks] 3. Explain examination of the placenta. [ 8 Marks] [ 5 Marks]

1. Differentiate between labour and normal labour.<br /><br />Labour refers to the process the series of events that lead to the delivery of the baby placenta. Normal labour, on the other hand, refers to a labour process that progresses without any complications or abnormalities. It typically involves regular contractions, dilation of the cervix, and the eventual delivery of the baby and placenta.<br /><br />2. State systematically the Mechanisms of 2nd stage of labour.<br /><br />The second stage of labour involves the descent and delivery of the baby. The mechanisms of the second stage of labour can be systematically described as follows:<br /><br />a. Engagement: The baby's head enters the pelvis, aligning with the mother's pelvis.<br /><br />b. Descent: The baby's head gradually moves down through the pelvis, guided by the mother's contractions.<br /><br />c. Flexion: The baby's head flexes forward, chin to chest, allowing for easier passage through the birth canal.<br /><br />d. Internal Rotation: The baby's head rotates internally to fit the shape of the pelvis.<br /><br />e. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />f. External Rotation: The baby's head rotates externally to prepare for the final stage of delivery.<br /><br />g. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />h. Internal Rotation: The baby's head rotates internally to fit the shape of the pelvis.<br /><br />i. Extension: The baby's head extends as it passes under the mother's pubic bone.<br /><br />j. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />k. External Rotation: The baby's head rotates externally to prepare for the final stage of delivery.<br /><br />l. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />m. Internal Rotation: The baby's head rotates internally to fit the shape of the pelvis.<br /><br />n. Extension: The baby's head extends as it passes underic bone.<br /><br />o. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />p. External Rotation: The baby's head rotates externally to prepare for the final stage of delivery.<br /><br />q. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />r. Internal Rotation: The baby's head rotates internally to fit the shape of the pelvis.<br /><br />s. Extension: The baby's head extends as it passes under the mother's pubic bone.<br /><br />t. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />u. External Rotation: The baby's head rotates externally to prepare for the final stage of delivery.<br /><br />v. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />w. Internal Rotation: The baby's head rotates internally to fit the shape of the pelvis.<br /><br />x. Extension: The baby's head extends as it passes under the mother's pubic bone.<br /><br />y. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />z. External Rotation: The baby's head rotates externally to prepare for the final stage of delivery.<br /><br />aa. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />bb. Internal Rotation: The baby's head rotates internally to fit the shape of the pelvis.<br /><br />cc. Extension: The baby's head extends as it passes under the mother's pubic bone.<br /><br />dd. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />ee. External Rotation: The baby's head rotates externally to prepare for the final stage of delivery.<br /><br />ff. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />gg. Internal Rotation: The baby's head rotates internally to fit the shape of the pelvis.<br /><br />hh. Extension: The baby's head extends as it passes under the mother's pubic bone.<br /><br />ii. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />jj. External Rotation: The baby's head rotates externally to prepare for the final stage of delivery.<br /><br />kk. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />ll. Internal Rotation: The baby's head rotates internally to fit the shape of the pelvis.<br /><br />mm. Extension: The baby's head extends as it passes under the mother's pubic bone.<br /><br />nn. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />oo. External Rotation: The baby's head rotates externally to prepare for the final stage of delivery.<br /><br />pp. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />qq. Internal Rotation: The baby's head rotates internally to fit the shape of the pelvis.<br /><br />rr. Extension: The baby's head extends as it passes under the mother's pubic bone.<br /><br />ss. Restitution: The baby's head briefly realigns with the mother's spine.<br /><br />tt.