Chapter 2 Civil War and Reconstruction. 1861-77 1. (a) Explain why civil liberties were limited during the Civil War. [10] (b) 'Opposition from white southerners was the main reason for the limited success of Reconstruction." How far do you agree with this view? [20] 2. (a) Explain why the Compromise of 1877 was agreed. [10] (b) To what extent were civil liberties limited during the Civil War?[20] 3. (a) Explain why Congress pursued a policy of "Radical Reconstruction" from 1867. [10] (b) To what extent was superior military strategy the reason for the North's victory in the Civil War? [20] 4. (a) Explain why the involvement of foreign powers prolonged the Civil War. [10] (b) To what extent was Johnson to blame for the disagreements with Congress over Reconstruction? [20]

1. (a) Civil liberties were limited during the Civil War due to concerns over national security and maintaining public order. Governments often impose restrictions on individual freedoms in times of crisis to prevent espionage, sabotage, and other activities that could threaten the stability of the nation. These measures were seen as necessary to protect the Union and ensure the successful prosecution of the war.<br /><br />(b) The statement that opposition from white southerners was the main reason for the limited success of Reconstruction is partially true. White southerners resisted Reconstruction efforts through various means, including violence, intimidation, and political maneuvering. However, it is important to note that other factors, such as political disagreements within the North, lack of consistent support for Reconstruction policies, and economic interests, also contributed to the limited success of Reconstruction.<br /><br />2. (a) The Compromise of 1877 was agreed upon to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876 between Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat). The compromise involved Democrats accepting Hayes as president in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction. This agreement aimed to restore political stability and prevent further conflict between the two parties.<br /><br />(b) Civil liberties were significantly limited during the Civil War due to measures such as suspension of habeas corpus, censorship of the press, and the establishment of military tribunals. These restrictions were justified as necessary for national security and maintaining public order. However, they raised concerns about the balance between individual freedoms and collective safety, setting a precedent for future conflicts between civil liberties and national interests.<br /><br />3. (a) Congress pursued a policy of "Radical Reconstruction" from 1867 to ensure the protection of newly freed African Americans and to reshape the South in the image of the Union. Radical Republicans sought to dismantle the existing social and economic structures that supported slavery and to establish a more equitable society. They aimed to secure equal rights and opportunities for African Americans and to prevent the resurgence of pro-slavery sentiments.<br /><br />(b) Superior military strategy was a significant factor contributing to the North's victory in the Civil War. The Union employed strategies such as blockades, coordinated land and naval operations, and the use of superior resources to gradually wear down the Confederacy. Effective leadership, better logistics, and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances also played crucial roles in the Union's success.<br /><br />4. (a) The involvement of foreign powers prolonged the Civil War by providing the Confederacy with much-needed support and resources. Foreign intervention, particularly from Britain and France, was influenced by economic interests and sympathy for the Southern cause. This external support bolstered the Confederacy's morale and military capabilities, making it more difficult for the Union to achieve victory.<br /><br />(b) President Andrew Johnson's disagreements with Congress over Reconstruction were largely due to his lenient approach towards the South and his opposition to granting equal rights to African Americans. Johnson's policies favored the restoration of former Confederate leaders and did not prioritize the protection of newly freed African Americans. This approach clashed with the more radical Reconstruction policies advocated by Congress, leading to conflicts over the direction and scope of Reconstruction efforts.