QUESTION ONE (COMPULSORY) (a) State factors that influence emotional development in adolescents [4 marks] (b) Explain stages of dying and death [5 marks] (c) Discuss three branches of developmental psychology [6 marks] (d) Citing relevant example.discuss moral theory development of Lawrence Kohlberg. [12 marks]

(a) Factors that influence emotional development in adolescents:<br />1. Hormonal changes: Adolescence is marked by significant hormonal changes, which can impact mood and emotions.<br />2. Social interactions: Peer relationships and social experiences play a crucial role in shaping emotional development.<br />3. Cognitive development: Adolescents' thinking abilities evolve, allowing them to understand complex emotions and develop empathy.<br />4. Family dynamics: Family relationships and support systems can influence emotional well-being during adolescence.<br /><br />(b) Stages of dying and death:<br />1. Denial: Refusing to accept the reality of death or loss.<br />2. Anger: Expressing frustration and resentment towards oneself or others.<br />3. Bargaining: Attempting to negotiate or make deals to delay or prevent death.<br />4. Depression: Experiencing deep sadness and despair.<br />5. Acceptance: Coming to terms with the reality of death or loss.<br /><br />(c) Three branches of developmental psychology:<br />1. Physical development: Examines changes in the body and brain, motor skills, and health.<br />2. Cognitive development: Focuses on mental processes such as thinking, problem-solving, and language development.<br />3. Social-emotional development: Investigates changes in emotions, personality, and social interactions.<br /><br />(d) Moral theory development of Lawrence Kohlberg:<br />Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a theory of moral development that consists of three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality. Each level has two stages, making a total of six stages.<br /><br />1. Pre-conventional morality (Stages 1 and 2):<br /> - Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation: Moral decisions are based on avoiding punishment.<br /> - Stage 2: Self-interest orientation: Actions are guided by self-interest and rewards.<br /><br />2. Conventional morality (Stages 3 and 4):<br /> - Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity: Moral decisions are based on gaining approval and maintaining relationships.<br /> - Stage 4: Authority and social-order maintaining orientation: Moral decisions are guided by maintaining social order and laws.<br /><br />3. Post-conventional morality (Stages 5 and 6):<br /> - Stage 5: Social contract orientation: Moral decisions are based on principles and values, with an understanding that laws can be changed.<br /> - Stage 6: Universal ethical principles: Moral decisions are guided by internalized principles of justice and human rights, even if it means breaking laws.<br /><br />Example: Consider a situation where an individual witnesses a friend shoplifting. According to Kohlberg's theory, the response would vary depending on the stage of moral development.<br /><br />- At Stage 1, the individual might steal from the store too, fearing punishment.<br />- At Stage 2, they might steal from the store but not from friends, as it benefits them personally.<br />- At Stage 3, they might steal from the store but not from friends, as it would hurt their friend's reputation.<br />- At Stage 4, they might report the theft to the authorities, as it is the right thing to do according to societal rules.<br />- At Stage 5, they might question the store's policies and consider the reasons behind the theft.<br />- At Stage 6, they might support their friend's decision if they believe it is a matter of justice or human rights.