DR PRITUCTION THE PATH HNDER FOR ILT b) Distinguish between line interface and graphic user interface (2mks) c) Explain four functions of operating system (4mks) (4mks) (ii) Describe TWO methods that can be used to convertan old information system to a new one (2mks) (iii) (a) what is the differences between Data security and data protection (3nks) (b) Name and explain THREE methods you can use to secure data

b) **Distinguish between line interface and graphic user interface (GUI):**<br /><br />- **Line Interface (CLI):**<br /> - **Definition:** A command-line interface (CLI) is a text-based interface where users interact with the system by typing commands.<br /> - **Usage:** It is typically used by advanced users who are familiar with programming or system administration.<br /> - **Advantages:** Provides direct access to system functions and can be very efficient for repetitive tasks.<br /> - **Disadvantages:** Requires a good understanding of commands and syntax, which can be a barrier for beginners.<br /><br />- **Graphic User Interface (GUI):**<br /> - **Definition:** A graphic user interface (GUI) is a visual-based interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators.<br /> - **Usage:** It is designed for general users and is commonly found in most modern operating systems and applications.<br /> - **Advantages:** Intuitive and user-friendly, making it accessible to a wide range of users.<br /> - **Disadvantages:** Can be less efficient for certain tasks compared to CLI, as it may require more clicks and interactions.<br /><br />c) **Explain four functions of an operating system:**<br /><br />1. **Process Management:**<br /> - **Definition:** The operating system manages the execution of programs and processes.<br /> - **Function:** It allocates CPU time, schedules processes, and ensures that multiple processes can run simultaneously without interfering with each other.<br /><br />2. **Memory Management:**<br /> - **Definition:** The operating system manages the computer's memory.<br /> - **Function:** It allocates memory space to processes, manages virtual memory, and ensures that memory is used efficiently.<br /><br />3. **File System Management:**<br /> - **Definition:** The operating system organizes and controls access to files and directories.<br /> - **Function:** It provides a way to store, retrieve, and manage files on storage devices, ensuring that data is structured and easily accessible.<br /><br />4. **Device Management:**<br /> - **Definition:** The operating system manages hardware devices and peripherals.<br /> - **Function:** It controls the communication between the computer and external devices, such as printers, scanners, and network interfaces, through device drivers.<br /><br />(ii) **Describe TWO methods that can be used to convert an old information system to a new one:**<br /><br />1. **Phased Approach:**<br /> - **Description:** This method involves implementing the new system in phases, typically starting with one part of the organization and gradually expanding to others.<br /> - **Advantages:** Allows for a smoother transition by minimizing disruption to the entire organization. It can be less risky and more manageable.<br /> - **Disadvantages:** May take longer to fully implement the new system, and there could be delays if one phase does not go as planned.<br /><br />2. **Direct Cutover:**<br /> - **Description:** This method involves shutting down the old system and immediately switching to the new one.<br /> - **Advantages:** Can be faster and more cost-effective, as it avoids the complexity of a phased approach.<br /> - **Disadvantages:** Higher risk of disruption, as any issues with the new system can cause significant downtime and operational delays. Requires thorough testing and a well-planned transition to minimize risks.<br /><br />(iii) (a) **What is the difference between Data security and data protection?**<br /><br />- **Data Security:**<br /> - **Definition:** Refers to the practice of protecting data from unauthorized access, theft, and damage.<br /> - **Focus:** Primarily concerned with protecting data from external threats, such as hackers and cyber-attacks.<br /> - **Techniques:** Includes encryption, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and multi-factor authentication.<br /><br />- **Data Protection:**<br /> - **Definition:** Refers to the broader practice of safeguarding data from any form of loss, whether accidental or intentional.<br /> - **Focus:** Encompasses both external threats and internal risks, such as human errors or hardware failures.<br /> - **Techniques:** Includes regular backups, data validation, access controls, and physical security measures.<br /><br />(b) **Name and explain THREE methods you can use to secure data:**<br /><br />1. **Encryption:**<br /> - **Description:** Encryption is the process of converting data into a coded format to prevent unauthorized access.<br /> - **Function:** Ensures that even if data is intercepted, it cannot be read without the decryption key.<br /> - **Types:** Includes symmetric encryption (same key for encryption and decryption) and asymmetric encryption (public and private keys).<br /><br />2. **Access Controls:**<br /> - **Description:** Access controls restrict who can view or modify data.<br /> - **Function:** Implementing user authentication and authorization mechanisms ensures that only authorized users can access sensitive information.<br /> - **Methods:** Includes passwords, biometrics, and role-based access control (RBAC).<br /><br />3. **Regular Backups:**<br /> - **Description:** Regularly scheduled backups ensure that data can be restored in case of loss or corruption.<br /> - **Function:** Protects against data loss due to hardware