MAIN EXAMINATION PSY 310: HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT MINATION SESSION: AUGUST iination instructions: This examination has two sections. Section ONE is compulsory. Answer ALL the questions in section ONE.Section TWO Choose and answer ANY TWO questions from this section. TION ONE: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS (30 MARKS) ESTION 1 1. Differentiate the terms Growth and Development. 3 mks b. What factors can lead a class teacher to suspect that a pupil is pregnant five principles of development and recommend their corresponding educational implications. 10 mks 3 mks d. Explain two internal factors that influence the growth and development of children e. What are the educational implications of adolescence stage to the teacher 4 mks CTION TWO: 10 mks JESTION 2 Discuss any four types of growth and development 12 mks Use the stages of Moral development to celebrate rv 8 mks UESTION 3 ) Expound on Erick Erickson's stages of psycho-social development and its relevance to you as a teacher. 16 mks 1) How would you identify a woman who has reached menopause? 4 mks UESTION 4 (1) Soutmatically trace the child development process from conception to adolescence, Ensure at least ten major develo 10 mks (b) Discuss five stages of death QUESTION 5 10 mks the teaches and remedies for infertility in human-being 10 mks education education. ples, analyze any five contribution of Plagets theory on cognitive dev-lopromis 10 mks DATE:

QUESTION 1:<br />a. Growth refers to the physical changes that occur in an individual, such as an increase in height, weight, or size. Development, on the other hand, refers to the overall progression and maturation of an individual, encompassing physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.<br /><br />b. Factors that can lead a class teacher to suspect that a pupil is pregnant include physical changes such as weight gain, breast development, and a noticeable change in the shape of the abdomen. Additionally, behavioral changes such as mood swings, fatigue, and changes in appetite may also raise suspicion.<br /><br />c. The five principles of development are: <br />1. Development is a lifelong process: Development occurs throughout the lifespan, from conception to old age.<br />2. Development is a multidimensional process: Development involves changes in multiple domains, including physical, cognitive, emotional, and social aspects.<br />3. Development is a plastic process: Development is malleable and can be influenced by various factors, including genetics, environment, and experiences.<br />4. Development is a cumulative process: Development builds upon previous stages, with each stage laying the foundation for future development.<br />5. Development is a contextual process: Development occurs within the context of the individual's environment, including cultural, social, and economic factors.<br /><br />d. Two internal factors that influence the growth and development of children are genetics and hormones. Genetics determine the inherited traits and characteristics passed down from parents, while hormones regulate various physiological processes, such as growth, puberty, and emotional development.<br /><br />e. The educational implications of the adolescence stage for a teacher include recognizing the importance of providing appropriate guidance and support during this transitional period. Adolescents experience significant physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes, which can impact their learning and behavior in the classroom. Teachers should be aware of these changes and adapt their teaching strategies accordingly, providing opportunities for adolescents to explore their identities, develop critical thinking skills, and build healthy relationships.<br /><br />QUESTION 2:<br />a. Four types of growth and development are:<br />1. Physical growth and development: This involves changes in the body, such as height, weight, and muscle development.<br />2. Cognitive growth and development: This involves changes in thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, and language skills.<br />3. Emotional growth and development: This involves changes in feelings, emotions, and self-awareness.<br />4. Social growth and development: This involves changes in interactions with others, relationships, and social skills.<br /><br />b. The five stages of death are:<br />1. Denial: The individual refuses to accept the reality of death and may experience shock or disbelief.<br />2. Anger: The individual may express frustration, rage, or resentment towards themselves, others, or the situation.<br />3. Bargaining: The individual may attempt to negotiate or make deals to reverse or delay the impending death.<br />4. Depression: The individual may experience deep sadness, hopelessness, and despair.<br />5. Acceptance: The individual comes to terms with the reality of death and begins to find peace and closure.<br /><br />QUESTION 3:<br />a. Erick Erickson's stages of psycho-social development consist of eight stages, each representing a specific conflict or challenge that individuals face throughout their lifespan. These stages are:<br />1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy): The infant develops trust in caregivers and the world around them.<br />2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood): The child develops a sense of independence and self-control.<br />3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Play Age): The child takes initiative and explores their environment.<br />4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age): The child develops a sense of competence and achievement.<br />5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence): The adolescent develops a sense of personal identity and direction.<br />6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood): The young adult develops close relationships and intimacy.<br />7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood): The adult contributes to society and helps others.<br />8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood): The elderly individual reflects on their life and either feels a sense of fulfillment or despair.<br /><br />b. To identify a woman who has reached menopause, one can look for the absence of menstrual periods for 12 consecutive months. Additionally, symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and mood changes may also indicate menopause.<br /><br />QUESTION 4:<br />a. The child development process from conception to adolescence involves several major developments:<br />1. Conception: The fusion of sperm and egg, forming a zygote.<br />2. Embryonic stage: The development of major organs and structures.<br />3. Fetal stage: Continued growth and maturation of the fetus.<br />4. Infancy: Rapid physical growth, development of motor skills, and attachment to caregivers.<br />5. Toddlerhood: Exploration, language development, and independence.<br />6. Preschool age: Play-based learning, socialization, and basic academic skills.<br />7. School age: Formal education, peer relationships, and cognitive development.<br />