A. Introduction to Anatomy Test a. What is the most common type of feedback loop in the body? b. Contrast transcription and translation. C. Explain how base pairing allows DNA to be copied without mistakes. d. Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis. B. Histology a. Draw a stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue. b. Name 2 characteristics of all connective tissues. C. Compare and contrast exocrine and endocrine glands. d. Compare and contrast skeletal muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue. C. Integumentary System a. List the layers of the epidermis of thick skin from superficial to deep (top to bottom). b. Explain how dark skin is physiologically different from light skin. C. Describe how UV radiation cells. d. List 4 functions of body/head hair. D. Skeletal System a. What are the four main steps of the bone ossification process? b. Name 2 differences you would see in the bones of infants and adults. C. Explain why the curves of the spine are helpful. E. Muscular System a. Muscles are made of bundles upon bundles of fibers. Which is the correct order from smallest to largest in this organizational structure of a muscle? (fascicle, muscle fiber myofibril, muscle) b. Consider the purpose of the epimysium, perimysium and endomysium. What is something outside of the human body that you could compare their function to and why? C. Why do athletes often rest between sets of movements when working out? What does burn in the muscles signal? F. Nervous System a. Write a function of each of the 4 lobes of the brain. b. Why is touch not considered to be a "special sense"?

. Introduction to Anatomy Test<br />a. The most common type of feedback loop in the body is the negative feedback loop.<br />b. Transcription is the process of copying DNA into RNA, while translation is the process of using that RNA to build proteins.<br />c. Base pairing allows DNA to be copied without mistakes because each base on one strand of DNA is paired with a specific base on the other strand (A with T, and C with G). This ensures that the copied DNA is an exact replica of the original.<br />d. Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis is a process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells.<br /><br />B. Histology<br />a. A stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue consists of multiple layers of cube-shaped cells.<br />b. Two characteristics of all connective tissues are that they are composed of cells and extracellular matrix, and they provide support and protection to the body.<br />c. Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts, while endocrine glands release their secretions directly into the bloodstream.<br />d. Skeletal muscle tissue is striated and voluntary, while smooth muscle tissue is non-striated and involuntary.<br /><br />C. Integumentary System<br />a. The layers of the epidermis of thick skin from superficial to deep are: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum.<br />b. Dark skin has more melanin, which provides more protection against UV radiation.<br />c. UV radiation can damage DNA in skin cells, leading to skin cancer.<br />d. Four functions of body/head hair are: protection, regulation of body temperature, sensory function, and social/sexual signaling.<br /><br />D. Skeletal System<br />a. The four main steps of the bone ossification process are: ossification center formation, cartilage model formation, cartilage model growth, and bone collar formation.<br />b. Bones of infants are more flexible and less dense than bones of adults.<br />c. The curves of the spine help distribute weight and maintain balance.<br /><br />E. Muscular System<br />a. The correct order from smallest to largest in the organizational structure of a muscle is: myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle, muscle.<br />b. The epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium could be compared to the layers of a onion, as they all provide protection and support to the muscle fibers.<br />c. Athletes rest between sets to allow for muscle recovery and to prevent fatigue. Muscle burn signals lactic acid buildup, which can lead to muscle fatigue.<br /><br />F. Nervous System<br />a. The four lobes of the brain have the following functions: frontal lobe - voluntary movement and decision making, parietal lobe - sensory processing, temporal lobe - auditory processing and memory, occipital lobe - visual processing.<br />b. Touch is not considered a "special sense" because it is a general sense that involves the detection of pressure, temperature, and pain, rather than a specific sensory modality like vision or hearing.