QUESTION ONE a. Outline the scope of population geography as a discipline. [10 marks] b. Describe three major ways of portraying population structure. [10 marks] c. Explain the major determinants of fertility. [10 marks] QUESTION TWO a. Outline four major measures of fertility. [6 marks] b. Describe the demographic transition model and its relevance in developing countries. [14 marks] QUESTION THREE a. Explain clearly how a country can control its demographic processes. [8 marks] b. Outline the major challenges encountered in implementing population policies in third world countries. [12 marks] QUESTION FOUR a. Describe the three phase of population growth and change. [12 marks] b. Why is overpopulation a problem? [8 marks]

QUESTION ONE<br />a. The scope of population geography as a discipline encompasses the study of the spatial aspects of human populations, including their distribution, density, growth, and migration patterns. It examines the relationships between population and the environment, as well as the social, economic, and political factors that influence population dynamics.<br /><br />b. Three major ways of portraying population structure are:<br />1. Age-sex structure: This portrays the distribution of a population by age and sex, typically represented in a population pyramid.<br />2. Cohort analysis: This examines the characteristics of specific age groups or cohorts within a population, such as their fertility, mortality, and migration patterns.<br />3. Population density: This portrays the number of people per unit of land or water area, providing insights into the spatial distribution of a population.<br /><br />c. The major determinants of fertility include:<br />1. Socioeconomic factors: Factors such as income, education, and access to family planning services can influence fertility rates.<br />2. Cultural and religious beliefs: Certain cultural and religious beliefs may promote larger family sizes.<br />3. Government policies: Policies such as tax incentives for children or child care subsidies can affect fertility rates.<br /><br />QUESTION TWO<br />a. Four major measures of fertility are:<br />1. Crude birth rate: The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population.<br />2. Total fertility rate: The average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years.<br />3. Age-specific fertility rate: The number of births per 1,000 women in a specific age group.<br />4. Replacement-level fertility: The level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself without migration.<br /><br />b. The demographic transition model describes the changes in birth and death rates that occur as a society progresses from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economy. It consists of four stages: <br />1. High stationary: Characterized by high birth and death rates, resulting in a stable population.<br />2. Early expanding: Birth rates remain high while death rates decline, leading to population growth.<br />3. Late expanding: Birth rates begin to decline, but population growth continues.<br />4. Low stationary: Both birth and death rates are low, resulting in a stable population.<br /><br />The demographic transition model is relevant in developing countries as it helps to understand the changes in population growth and the associated social and economic implications.<br /><br />QUESTION THREE<br />a. A country can control its demographic processes through various measures such as:<br />1. Family planning programs: Providing access to contraception and reproductive health services.<br />2. Education: Promoting education, especially for women, as it is associated with lower fertility rates.<br />3. Economic development: Improving economic conditions can lead to lower fertility rates.<br />4. Immigration policies: Regulating immigration can influence population size and composition.<br /><br />b. The major challenges encountered in implementing population policies in third world countries include:<br />1. Limited resources: Lack of financial and human resources to effectively implement policies.<br />2. Cultural and religious resistance: Policies may face opposition from cultural or religious groups.<br />3. Political instability: Frequent changes in government can hinder the implementation of long-term policies.<br />4. Urbanization: Rapid urbanization can lead to challenges in managing population growth and providing services.<br /><br />QUESTION FOUR<br />a. The three phases of population growth and change are:<br />1. Slow growth phase: Characterized by low birth and death rates, resulting in a stable population.<br />2. Rapid growth phase: Birth rates exceed death rates, leading to a rapid increase in population.<br />3. Stable phase: Birth and death rates converge, resulting in a stable population.<br /><br />b. Overpopulation is a problem because it can lead to resource scarcity, environmental degradation, and strain on infrastructure and services. It can also result in increased poverty, inequality, and social unrest.