1. a) Discuss the relationship between urbonization and higher crime rates with examples from a specific country of you choice (15 Marks) b) Using relevant examples , examine the factors that produce opportunities and incentives for crimina behaviour and violent acts in urbin creas in Africa (10 Marks) 2. Discuss the six broad groups of policy responses to crime and violence in towns and cities in developing countries. (15 Marks) 3. With reference to relevant examples, demonstrate how high levels of corruption in government agencies can lead to high cases of crime and violence in Kenyan urbon areas. (15 Marks) 4. Using propriate examples, discuss the functionalist view of deviance in on urbon society (15 Marks) 5. Assess the emergence of urbin gongs and subcultures in relation to growth of "gated communities' in urban centers in Africa (15 Marks) 6. Critically assess how poor urban planning, design and monagement affects crime management in cities and towns (15 Marks)

1. a) The relationship between urbanization and higher crime rates can be seen in the example of the United States. As cities grew and became more densely populated, crime rates increased. This is due to factors such as poverty, lack of education, and limited job opportunities in urban areas.<br /><br />b) In Africa, factors that produce opportunities and incentives for criminal behavior and violent acts in urban areas include poverty, unemployment, and inadequate social services. For example, in South Africa, high levels of poverty and inequality in urban areas have led to an increase in crime rates.<br /><br />2. The six broad groups of policy responses to crime and violence in towns and cities in developing countries are: law enforcement, community policing, crime prevention, rehabilitation, restorative justice, and community engagement.<br /><br />3. High levels of corruption in government agencies can lead to high cases of crime and violence in Kenyan urban areas. For example, corrupt officials may accept bribes or engage in other illegal activities, which can lead to an increase in crime rates. Additionally, the lack of accountability and transparency in government agencies can contribute to a culture of corruption and impunity, further exacerbating crime and violence.<br /><br />4. The functionalist view of deviance in urban society suggests that deviant behavior serves a purpose in society. For example, deviant behavior can help to establish social norms and values, and can also serve as a means of social control. In urban society, deviant behavior can be seen as a way to challenge and change existing social structures and power dynamics.<br /><br />5. The emergence of urban gangs and subcultures in relation to the growth of "gated communities" in urban centers in Africa can be seen as a response to social and economic inequalities. Gated communities often provide a sense of security and exclusivity, but they can also create a sense of isolation and marginalization for those who are not part of these communities. This can lead to the formation of gangs and subcultures as a means of asserting identity and seeking a sense of belonging.<br /><br />6. Poor urban planning, design, and management can affect crime management in cities and towns. For example, poorly designed neighborhoods with inadequate lighting, lack of surveillance, and limited access to public services can create an environment that is conducive to crime. Additionally, poorly planned urban areas may lack adequate infrastructure and public transportation, which can contribute to a sense of isolation and marginalization for residents. This can lead to an increase in crime rates, as individuals may turn to criminal behavior as a means of coping with their circumstances.