A) Define the following terms as used in lifestyle diseases? __ (2 marks) 1. Sedentary lifestyle Chronic diseases b) State three characteristics of non communicable diseases? 2. Explain the difference between fly and AIDS? 3. Give five factors that Influence transmission of the HIV Virus through sexual contact. (5 Marks) 4. Describe the stages of syphilis and symptoms issociated with each stage. (5marks) 5. List five measures employed in reservoir control aimed at the control of emerging and reemerging diseases. (5marks) 6. List the various forms of stigma and the factors contributing to HIV stigma. 7. Differentiate between modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors giving examples in each case? (5 marks) 8. Briefly describe the following steps of the life cycle of HIV/AIDS. (5marks) a) Attachment/binding and fusion b) Budding 9. Write the following acronyms in full. (5 Marks) a) PCR b) PrEP c) MTCT 0. Explain why youth are at a particular risk for contracting STDs. (5Marks) 1. Describe the measures taken in prevention of swine flu Infection and spread. (5Marks) - Discuss traditional cultural African practices which contribute to the spread of HIV. -4.9m (5Marks) Give a brief description of the stages of HIV infection. (5Marks) State the complications and treatment of gonorrhea. Discuss traditional cultural African practices which thwarts/prevents the spread of HIV. (3 marks) (5 Maris) (5marks) (5Marks) (5Marks)

1. A sedentary lifestyle is characterized by a significant amount of time spent sitting or lying down with minimal physical activity. Chronic diseases are long-lasting conditions that can be controlled but not cured, such as heart disease and diabetes.<br />2. Non-communicable diseases are not passed from person to person, are typically chronic, and progress slowly.<br />3. HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which are crucial for fighting infections. AIDS is the most severe phase of HIV infection, characterized by a severely weakened immune system.<br />4. Five factors influencing HIV transmission through sexual contact include: presence of other sexually transmitted infections, unprotected sex, having a sexually transmitted infection, having multiple sexual partners, and early age of sexual debut.<br />5. The stages of syphilis include primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stages, each with distinct symptoms.<br />6. Reservoir control measures include sanitation, quarantine, vector control, public health education, and research and development.<br />7. Forms of stigma related to HIV include physical, social, and structural stigma. Factors contributing to HIV stigma include misconceptions, discrimination, and lack of understanding.<br />8. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed or controlled, such as smoking or diet. Non-modifiable risk factors are those that cannot be changed, such as age or genetic predisposition.<br />9. PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction, a technique used to amplify DNA. PrEP stands for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, a medication taken to prevent HIV. MTCT stands for Mother-to-Child Transmission, the transmission of HIV from an HIV-positive mother to her child.<br />10. Youth are at particular risk for contracting STDs due to factors such as lack of knowledge, peer pressure, and biological factors like immature reproductive systems.<br />11. Measures taken in the prevention of swine flu infection and spread include vaccination, practicing good respiratory hygiene, and implementing non-pharmaceutical interventions.<br />12. Traditional cultural African practices that contribute to the spread of HIV include multiple sexual partners, lack of condom use, and stigma associated with HIV.<br />13. The stages of HIV infection include acute HIV infection, clinical latency, and AIDS.<br />14. Complications of gonorrhea include pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone.<br />15. Traditional cultural African practices that thwart/prevent the spread of HIV include abstinence from sexual activity outside of marriage, regular HIV testing, and safe sex practices.