1). Shifting cultivation ii) Green revolution iii) Food security b) Explain the various methods used in crop and animal domestication c) Discuss FOUR features of nomadic pastoralism d) What is the role of modern technology in agriculture development (2) Mar (2) Mar (2) Mar (8 Mar (8 Mar (8 Mar

Certainly! Let's address each part of your question:<br /><br />**1) Definitions:**<br /><br />i) **Shifting Cultivation:** <br />Shifting cultivation is an agricultural practice where a piece of land is cultivated for a few years and then abandoned until its fertility is naturally restored. Farmers clear a forested area, burn the vegetation to enrich the soil with ash, and plant crops. Once the soil's nutrients are depleted, they move to a new area.<br /><br />ii) **Green Revolution:** <br />The Green Revolution refers to a period, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s, when agriculture was transformed worldwide through the introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds, increased use of fertilizers and pesticides, and improved irrigation techniques. This led to significant increases in food production, especially in developing countries.<br /><br />iii) **Food Security:** <br />Food security is the state in which all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.<br /><br />**b) Methods Used in Crop and Animal Domestication:**<br /><br />1. **Selection:** Early humans selected plants and animals with desirable traits (e.g., larger fruits, docile behavior) for breeding.<br />2. **Breeding:** Controlled breeding practices were developed to enhance specific traits over generations.<br />3. **Cultivation and Care:** Humans began to cultivate plants systematically and care for animals, providing them with food and protection from predators.<br />4. **Genetic Modification:** In modern times, genetic engineering has been used to introduce or enhance traits in both crops and animals.<br /><br />**c) Features of Nomadic Pastoralism:**<br /><br />1. **Mobility:** Nomadic pastoralists move their herds seasonally to find fresh pastures and water sources.<br />2. **Dependence on Livestock:** Their livelihood primarily depends on livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, etc., for milk, meat, wool, and trade.<br />3. **Adaptation to Environment:** They adapt to harsh environmental conditions and have extensive knowledge of the terrain and climate.<br />4. **Social Structure:** Nomadic pastoral societies often have strong kinship ties and communal decision-making processes.<br /><br />**d) Role of Modern Technology in Agriculture Development:**<br /><br />1. **Precision Farming:** Use of GPS and data analytics to optimize field-level management regarding crop farming.<br />2. **Biotechnology:** Development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to improve yield, pest resistance, and nutritional value.<br />3. **Automation and Machinery:** Introduction of advanced machinery like tractors, harvesters, and drones to increase efficiency and reduce labor costs.<br />4. **Irrigation Technologies:** Implementation of efficient irrigation systems such as drip and sprinkler systems to conserve water and improve crop yields.<br />5. **Information Technology:** Use of apps and software for weather forecasting, market prices, and farm management.<br />6. **Sustainable Practices:** Development of technologies that promote sustainable farming practices, reducing environmental impact.<br />7. **Supply Chain Management:** Improved logistics and supply chain technologies ensure better distribution and reduced waste.<br />8. **Research and Development:** Ongoing research leads to innovations in crop varieties, pest control, and soil health management.<br /><br />These elements collectively contribute to increased productivity, sustainability, and resilience in agriculture.