a) Distinguish between Curriculum development process and curriculum implementation (4marks) b)Highlight two challenges faxed during curriculum change and suggest one possible solution for each of the challenges (6 marks) c) Explain the purpose of each of the following in determination of education purposes in Ralph Tyler 1949 model i. Learner (2marks) ii. Society (2mark) iii. Subject specialists (2marks) d)Explain two roles of the teacher in curriculum development process (4marks) Question TWO a)Explain one role of each of the following curriculum dimensions in the development of a holistic learner i. Formal (2marks) ii. Non-formal (2marks) iii. Informal curriculum (2marks) b) Discuss three reasons why competency-based curriculum was introduced in Kenya (9 marks) Question THREE a)Identify the three additions Hilda Taba (1962) made on Ralph Tyler (1949)curriculum model (6marks) b) Discuss three ways in which any curriculum model influences the Kenya curriculum development process (9 marks) Question FOUR a) Explain three roles of the Kenya national goals of education (6marks) b) Discuss three benefits of learner-centred curriculum design (9marks) Question FIVE 1. Explain the relationship between education, curriculum and syllabus (6marks) 2. Discuss three ways in which teachers could be facilitated to make an innovation successful

**Question ONE**<br /><br />a) **Distinguish between Curriculum development process and curriculum implementation (4 marks):**<br /><br />The curriculum development process involves planning, designing, and creating a curriculum that outlines the learning objectives, content, methods, and evaluation criteria. It is a systematic approach to ensure that the curriculum meets the educational goals and standards.<br /><br />Curriculum implementation, on the other hand, involves putting the developed curriculum into practice in educational settings. It includes training teachers, organizing resources, and ensuring that the curriculum is delivered effectively to students.<br /><br />b) **Highlight two challenges faced during curriculum change and suggest one possible solution for each of the challenges (6 marks):**<br /><br />1. **Resistance to Change:** Teachers and administrators may resist new curricula due to comfort with traditional methods or lack of training.<br /> - **Solution:** Provide comprehensive training and support for educators to help them adapt to the new curriculum.<br /><br />2. **Inadequate Resources:** Insufficient textbooks, materials, or technological resources can hinder effective implementation.<br /> - **Solution:** Allocate adequate funding and resources to ensure all schools have the necessary materials to implement the new curriculum.<br /><br />c) **Explain the purpose of each of the following in determination of education purposes in Ralph Tyler 1949 model:**<br /><br />i. **Learner:** The learner's needs, interests, and abilities are considered to ensure that the curriculum is relevant and engaging for them.<br /> - **Purpose:** To tailor the curriculum to meet the individual needs of learners, promoting effective learning and development.<br /><br />ii. **Society:** The curriculum should reflect the values, needs, and goals of society to prepare learners to contribute positively to their community.<br /> - **Purpose:** To align the education system with societal expectations and requirements, ensuring that graduates are well-equipped to meet social needs.<br /><br />iiiSubject specialists:** Experts in specific subjects provide insights into the content and pedagogical strategies necessary for effective teaching.<br /> - **Purpose:** To ensure that the curriculum is academically rigorous and grounded in subject matter expertise, enhancing the quality of education.<br /><br />d) **Explain two roles of the teacher in curriculum development process (4 marks):**<br /><br />1. **Facilitator of Learning:** Teachers play a crucial role in delivering the curriculum content in an engaging and interactive manner, adapting to the needs of their students.<br /> - **Role:** To act as a guide and mentor, helping students understand and apply the curriculum concepts.<br /><br />2. **Assessor and Feedback Provider:** Teachers evaluate student progress and provide constructive feedback, ensuring that learning objectives are met.<br /> - **Role:** To assess student performance and offer insights that help students improve and achieve their learning goals.<br /><br /> TWO**<br /><br />a) **Explain one role of each of the following curriculum dimensions in the development of a holistic learner:**<br /><br />i. **Formal:** The formal curriculum includes structured educational programs with specific learning objectives, syllabi, and assessments.<br /> - **Role:** Provides a systematic framework for learning, ensuring that students acquire essential knowledge and skills.<br /><br />ii. **Non-formal:** Non-formal education includes informal learning experiences outside the traditional classroom setting, such as extracurricular activities and self-directed learning.<br /> - **Role:** Complements formal education by offering flexible and personalized learning opportunities, fostering lifelong learning habits.<br /><br />iii. **Informal curriculum:** Informal learning occurs through everyday experiences and social interactions, contributing to personal development and cultural understanding.<br /> - **Role:** Enhances social skills, critical thinking, and adaptability by providing real-world context and practical applications of knowledge.<br /><br />b) **Discuss three reasons why competency-based curriculum was introduced in Kenya (9 marks):**<br /><br />1. **Focus on Skills:** Competency-based curriculum emphasizes practical skills and application, preparing students for real-world challenges.<br /> - **Reason:** To equip students with relevant skills and competencies needed in the job market and daily life.<br /><br />2. **Personalized Learning:** It allows for tailored education plans that cater to individual student needs, abilities, and learning styles.<br /> - **Reason:** To ensure that each student's unique needs are addressed, promoting equitable access to quality education.<br /><br />3. **Holistic Development:** The curriculum aims to develop well-rounded individuals by integrating academic, social, emotional, and ethical learning.<br /> - **Reason:** To foster holistic development, ensuring that students grow intellectually, socially, and morally.<br /><br />**Question THREE**<br /><br />a) **Identify the three additions Hilda Taba (1962) made on Ralph Tyler (1949) curriculum model (6 marks):**<br /><br />1. **Philosophical Considerations:** Taba emphasized the importance of philosophical foundations in curriculum development.<br /> - **Addition:** Incorporating philosophical perspectives to guide the curriculum's purpose and direction.<br /><br />2. **Psychological Foundations:** She highlighted the role of psychological principles in understanding acquire knowledge.<br /> - **Addition:** Integrating psychological theories to inform instructional strategies and learning processes.<br /><br />3. **Social and Cultural Considerations:** Taba recognized the influence of social and cultural factors on education.<br /> - **Addition:** Considering social and cultural contexts to ensure